© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
M-ary stepped θ-QAM (θ-QAM) for M = 22l , l ≥ 3 based on square QAM is proposed. The signal constellation of stepped θ-QAM and the coordinates of the symbols generalised for modulation order M are presented. Then analyse the symbol error rate (SER) performance, and the optimum value of θ in terms of minimum SER for stepped θ-QAM in additive white Gaussian noise and fading channels. Through computer simulations, the theoretical results are validated and show that stepped θ-QAM offers better error performance than θ-QAM.
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content/journals/10.1049/el.2017.3175
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Stepped θ-QAM for high-order modulation