Managing the Internet of Things: Architectures, Theories and Applications
2: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, MI, USA
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the evolution of the internet as the interconnection not just of computers, but also uniquely identifiable, pervasive embedded devices. Research has estimated there will be nearly 30 billion devices on the Internet of Things within the next decade. The implementation and deployment of the IoT brings with it management challenges around seamless integration, heterogeneity, scalability, mobility, security, and many other issues. This book explores these challenges and possible solutions. Topics covered include topology control for building scalable energy efficient IoT; a survey of wireless sensor network operating systems; concepts, designs and implementation of wireless sensor network operating systems; OSIRIS - a framework for sensor-based monitoring systems; modeling and tracing events in RFID-enabled supply chains; a new clone detection approach in RFID-enabled supply chains; participatory sensing networks - a paradigm to achieve IoT applications; market structure analysis of the economics of IoT; and IoT and big data applications for urban planning and building smart cities This book is essential reading for researchers in academia and industry developing IoT technologies - an interdisciplinary area that brings together researchers in telecommunications, sensor networks, computing and security.
Inspec keywords: telecommunication computing; operating systems (computers); medical computing; wireless sensor networks; Big Data; energy conservation; telecommunication power management; biomedical communication; ubiquitous computing; health care
Other keywords: energy-efficient IoT; healthcare Internet of Things; Internet of Things management; Big Data; wireless sensor network operating system; RFID-enabled supply chains
Subjects: Communications computing; Communication, education, history, and philosophy; Mobile, ubiquitous and pervasive computing; Biology and medical computing; General and management topics; Biomedical communication; Wireless sensor networks; Telecommunication systems (energy utilisation); Database management systems (DBMS); Operating systems; General topics, engineering mathematics and materials science
- Book DOI: 10.1049/PBTE067E
- Chapter DOI: 10.1049/PBTE067E
- ISBN: 9781785610288
- e-ISBN: 9781785610295
- Page count: 224
- Format: PDF
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Front Matter
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1 Topology control for building scalable energy-efficient Internet of Things
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Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most significant recent developments in the field of networking. Energy efficiency and scalability are two important technical issues that must be fully addressed in order to build high-performance IoTs. Topology control (TC) plays a crucial role in scalable and energy-efficient IoTs. In this chapter, we first give an overview of TC technologies and their applications in IoTs. Then we describe a systematic approach for topology construction in IoT to achieve scalability and energy efficiency. Such an approach includes a hierarchical system framework for IoT deployment, an optimization model for realizing energy efficiency, and an algorithm for solving the optimization mode. Experimental results are also presented in the chapter to show effectiveness of this topology construction approach.
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2 Wireless sensor network operating systems: a survey
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Operating system (OS) is a critical research topic in the wireless sensor network (WSN). With an outstanding WSN OS, not only the constrained WSN platform resources can be managed efficiently, but also the complicated WSN application development can be simplified soundly. In this chapter, a survey to the current WSN OSes is investigated. Different OS concerns such as the OS architecture, the scheduling model, the memory management, the application programming, the application reprogramming, the energy conservation, the real-time scheduling, and the fault tolerance are reviewed. In addition, the features of the different OSes are compared and the ongoing research challenges are proposed. The work presented in this chapter can be helpful for the WSN users to select an appropriate OS for the WSN motes, and it can also be useful for the WSN developers to set forth the future OS design directions.
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3 Wireless sensor network operating system: concept, new design, and implementation
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Memory optimization, real-time scheduling, energy conservation, reprogramming, context awareness, and fault tolerance are the critical research challenges in the wireless sensor network (WSN). To address these challenges, a new WSN operating system (OS) LiveOS is designed and implemented in this chapter. Compared with the other WSN OSes, LiveOS has two typical features. On the one hand, the new OS design concepts such as the hybrid scheduling, the shared-stack scheduling, the reactive-defragmentation allocation, and the pre-linked native-code middleware are implemented. By doing this, the memory cost of the real-time WSN OS can be decreased. Moreover, the reprogramming performance of the WSN nodes can be improved. On the other hand, the new research approach, which addresses the WSN challenges by combining both the software technique and the multi-core hardware technique, is applied in LiveOS. By means of the multi-core hardware infrastructure, the lifetime of the LiveOS node can be prolonged. Moreover, the context-aware ability, the real-time performance, and the fault-tolerant capability of the WSN nodes can be improved. With the implementation of the above concepts, LiveOS becomes the WSN OS which can be applied on the resource-constrained WSN nodes and can be used to execute the real-time WSN applications with high reliability.
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4 OSIRIS framework: sensOr-baSed monItoRIng Systems
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Deploying monitoring systems with wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a very challenging task: physical components are highly heterogeneous, suffer damage, replaced; data is generated massively and must be managed, stored, and made available to other systems. In this chapter, we propose OSIRIS, a framework for building monitoring systems based on WSNs. This framework provides resources for monitoring the WSN, collecting, processing, and storing data, and an interface for providing data to other applications and/or systems. OSIRIS uses a set of abstractions to offer flexibility for the creation of various monitoring systems and to decouple network physical sensors from data consuming applications. In our tests, we use an implementation of OSIRIS to show that our architectural decisions allow OSIRIS to handle commercial and industrial-sized networks.
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5 Modeling and tracing events in RFID-enabled supply chains
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With cloned tag attacks being a serious problem in radio frequency identification (RFID) supply chains, tracing event records and inspecting them are one of the notably effective means to defense such attacks. Unfortunately, current event formulations are unable to characterize the variety and complexness of the events in real-world RFID supply chains. This chapter identifies the problem of the existing tag event models, reviews the RFID supply chain architecture, proposes a new tag event model, and devises the ensuing event-tracing algorithm. It is our belief that the newly proposed event model together with the event-tracing algorithm based on this model furnish a foundation for future more sophisticated event-record-based clone detection techniques.
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6 A new clone detection approach in RFID-enabled supply chains
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We propose a new method for detecting cloned tags in RFID-enabled supply chains, aiming to overcome the deficiencies of the existing clone detection techniques in RFID supply chains, caused in partial by the dynamic changes and incidents in radio frequency identification (RFID) supply chains. We first provide a formal (categorical) model for the activities in RFID supply chains, and then present a new cloned tag detection technique by adding a verification bit into tag events, which is followed by some clone detection examples. Next, we compare the performance of the newly proposed clone detection technique against Zanetti's clone detection mechanism by conducting relevant experiments, and finally discuss the related work in the literature. The results of the experiments demonstrate that our proposed mechanism is effective, reasonable, and outperforms Zanetti's work in terms of hit rate.
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7 Participatory sensing network: a paradigm to achieve applications of IoT
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Internet of Things (IoT) aims to provide ubiquitous connectivity and services for individual persons and machines. The related applications cover various areas in industry, healthcare, city management, etc. The efficient information collection is very critical for the success of these applications. Without enough number of data, it is difficult for a system to provide high-quality services. Participatory sensing network (PSN) is a promising paradigm to efficiently collect information/sensing data. Meanwhile, the incentive mechanism design plays a key role in achieving the collection of enough number of sensing data in PSN, where the sensor-equipped mobile devices are owned and controlled by individual users. Most of existing works on incentive mechanism design focus on the participation of smartphone users, rather than the quality of sensing data. However, data quality is also an important factor for a data collector since smartphone users may submit the erroneous or unreliable data. Low-quality data will impact the accuracy of data analysis result and degrade the provided service. Therefore, data quality should be considered in the incentive mechanism design. Reputation is one way to evaluate the quality of data provided by a mobile user. In this chapter, we introduce the significance of incentive mechanism design for the applications of IoT, then we design a reputation-aware incentive mechanism. Taking the quality of sensing data into account, the proposed mechanism can maximize the weighted social welfare of the whole system and guarantee the nice features of truthfulness and individual rationality. Extensive simulations have been conducted to demonstrate the better performance of the proposed incentive mechanism compared with other existing methods in terms of the weighted social welfare and the average reputation.
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8 Economics of Internet of Things (IoT): market structure analysis
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Over the last few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has obtained huge attention from both industry and academia. IoT is a novel paradigm of connecting every possible things through the current Internet. The core idea is to integrate a variety of things or objects around us with the global Internet through wired or wireless networks. The “things” being equipped with sensors, and (or) actuators have powerful computation ability. The sensor-generated data are transmitted through the networks for further process, while the actuators can receive instructions from network to perform certain tasks. While most of the current research studies the technical aspects of IoT, we concentrate on the economical aspect of an IoT system. Except for some government-dominated nonprofit projects, most of the IoT systems seek to improve profit. Therefore, we study how to price the IoT service under different market structures to maximize the IoT service providers' revenue.
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9 IoT and big data: application for urban planning and building smart cities
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The rapid growth in the population density in urban cities demands additional, smart, and fast provision of services and infrastructure. Countries and metropolitan authorities are really interested to provide smart and intelligent environment and real-time facilities to their citizens. Citizens also want to be facilitated by the provision of real-time information regarding anything like traffic, flood, security, pollution, etc. To meet the requirements of both the metropolitan authorities and the citizens, we proposed the use of Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart systems for smart city establishment and the urban planning as well. In this chapter, we propose an IoT-based system that uses the massive volume of data, termed as big data, generated by the smart systems to establish smart city and to do urban planning for the bright future. The data are generated from the smart home sensors, vehicular networks, weather and water sensors, smart parking systems, surveillance objects, etc. A four-tier architecture is proposed which include (1) bottom tier-1: responsible for the management and deployment of IoT sources, data generations, and collections; (2) intermediate tier-1: handles all type of communication between sensors, relays, base stations, the Internet, etc.; (3) intermediate tier-2: levers the data management and processing using Hadoop framework; and (4) top tier: is responsible for application and usage of the data analysis, results generation, and smart decisions. The system implementation consists of various phases including data generation and collecting, aggregating, filtration, classification, preprocessing, computing, and decision making. The proposed system implementation is done in Hadoop ecosystem with spark, voltDB, storm or S4 for real-time processing to generate results in order to establish the smart city. For urban planning or city future development, the offline historical data are used using MapReduce programming in Hadoop environment. IoT-based datasets generated by smart homes, smart parking, weather, pollution, and vehicle datasets are used for analysis and evaluation. The system is evaluated with respect to efficiency in terms of throughput and processing time.
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10 Healthcare Internet of Things: fundamental technologies, state-of-the-art standards, and current practices
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Life expectancy has been increasing in the last decades. Although increased life expectancy is one of the main goals of modern society, this involves a high cost for governments, which is distributed among facilities for people with disabilities, health insurance for over 65 years individuals, treatment/medication for chronic diseases, and so on. The Internet of Things (IoT) proposes a technological approach to assist and alleviate some of those costly problems, and preserve a high quality of life. In this chapter, an updated definition of IoT and the healthcare system is presented. Additionally, a quantifiable representation of current health issues is discussed, in combination with a review of the state of the art of IoT-applications in the healthcare sector that assist these issues, emphasizing in those that concern to energy-aware policies.
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Back Matter
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