Modern Personal Radio Systems
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An exciting treatment of the practical developments in personal and mobile radio, this book gives a clear and detailed insight into many of the fundamental problems and solutions of practical systems development.
Inspec keywords: telecommunication signalling; telecommunication network management; radiofrequency interference; cellular radio; personal communication networks
Other keywords: GSM methodology; multipath interference; telecommunication signalling; DCS; personal radio systems; mobile radio systems; personal communications; cellular architectures
Subjects: Electromagnetic compatibility and interference; Mobile radio systems; Network management; Point-to-point radio systems
- Book DOI: 10.1049/PBTE033E
- Chapter DOI: 10.1049/PBTE033E
- ISBN : 9780852968611
- e-ISBN: 9781849194617
- Page count: 336
- Format: PDF
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Front Matter
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1 Modern personal radio systems requirements and services
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What is personal communications? Is it a cellular radio network, some combination of cordless telephones, paging, or a fixed network incorporating Intelligent Network (IN) technology? Rather than defining a technology, personal communications is best described by the features individual users would expect from their 'ideal' personal telecommunications service. Because of this individual nature a single definition is not possible, but the attributes sought by most people can in general be described under a common vision. Personal communication systems aim to provide their users with telecommunications services throughout specified coverage areas. For some users, mobility is the key feature provided by the system, but for mass market acceptability any shortfall in service compared with the fixed PSTN, becomes increasingly important.
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2 Coverage prediction methodologies
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p.
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The chapter provides a summary of the essential ingredients of mobile radio coverage. Only a selection from an enormous list of possible references is given. The chapter also indicates the extent of this subject and hints at the opportunity for further fundamental studies and measurements.
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3 Modulation and multipath countermeasures
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Modulation and coding occupy a fundamental place in any mobile or personal communication system. They mediate between the data services, which are to be provided, and the radio systems which form the means of that provision. It is the modulation and coding which determine the quality of the data services, and also how they interact with the radio channel. In particular they determine the resource requirements of the system, in terms of both RF power required and bandwidth occupied. One may regard the encoder/modulator as a single sub-system, which maps data presented to it, by means of a user interface, onto a modulated RF carrier for subsequent processing, amplification and transmission, by the RF sub-system. The demodulator/decoder conversely takes the received RF signal and performs the inverse mapping, back to a data stream for onward transmission. This view underlines the importance of the process; it is the encoding and modulation that determines, for example, the bandwidth occupied by the transmitted signal, whilst it is the demodulator/decoder which determines the quality of the resulting data service availability in terms of BER and delay. It also determines the robustness of the system to channel impairments, due both to the RF sub-systems (such as phase noise and non-linearity) and the RF channel (such as multipath dispersion and fading). Thus the correct choice for the modulation/coding scheme is vital to the efficient operation of the whole system.
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4 Professional user radio systems
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Professional user radio systems come in a very wide range of forms and complexity. They vary from simple 'infrastructureless' systems in which users with handportable or vehicle-mounted radios talk only to each other, to systems that are more complex and sophisticated than present day digital cellular telephone systems. In this chapter we will look at how and why these different systems have evolved, their structure and how they operate. We will see how digital techniques are coming into use in these systems, and will review briefly the Trans-European Trunked Radio (TETRA) standard developed by ETSI for digital professional user radio systems.
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5 Cellular radio planning methods
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Radio planning is a key step for cellular network design and implementation. It is a multi-dimensional optimisation exercise based on many constraints, and includes spectrum allocation, traffic forecast and infrastructure investment. The planning is expected to meet a number of criteria, including a high user capacity, large coverage area, a high quality of service and a minimum quantity of network elements. Radio planning is dependent on many factors, such as the multiple access technique adopted by the system, regulatory and environmental constraints and user behaviour. In general, the overall objective is to provide a large coverage footprint and high user capacity.
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6 Cellular architectures and signalling
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Cellular systems are a spectrally efficient means of providing wide area mobility to a large number of users, and are the established means of offering mobile communications to the mass market. This chapter introduces key principles of cellular systems, with particular emphasis on the network aspects, and presents the state of the art of cellular network design by describing the architecture and signalling of the GSM system. Basic principles of cellular systems are introduced, including the features needed to support mobility. The GSM network architecture, the roles of the major network components, interfaces, and protocols are also outlined. To appreciate fully the operation of the system it is necessary to understand how these various elements work together. The chapter concludes by describing typical GSM network operations, such as call set-up and location update.
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7 Cellular network management centres
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The UK cellular marketplace is the most de-regulated and buoyant telecommunications market in Europe, enjoying a significant share of the total European market. Cellnet was formed in 1983 as a joint venture between BT (60%) and Securicor. Cellnet was originally given one of the two licenses issued by the Department of Trade and Industry to operate cellular radio services in the UK, the other being given to Vodafone. As part of that agreement, both companies were assigned 300 radio channels for operation. This was called TACS (Total Access Communications System).
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8 Mobility handover and power control in GSM
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A cellular system relies on mobility management to provide for the roaming capability, a key requirement. As cellular systems advance and new standards are created, mobility management has witnessed and will continue to witness significant improvements. GSM is the latest successful digital system and owes its success in part to a sophisticated mobility management philosophy, which embraces radio mobility, network mobility and personal mobility. These three aspects have been described in length in this chapter and their sophistication explained.
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9 Strategies for mobility management
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This chapter introduces the concept of mobility by differentiating between different types of mobility a network may provide. It then relates these to the mobility offered in current mobile cellular networks. A brief review of how mobility is managed in these networks is then given and is followed by a discussion of the costs incurred in managing mobility. However, the chapter is chiefly concerned with presenting the findings of studies into mobility management.
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10 Microcellular networks
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This chapter is concerned with microcells and the teletraffic that a microcellular network is able to support. A prerequisite is to discuss the numerous types of cells that are available to a network designer, and the role that microcells have, or may be expected to have, in high capacity mobile networks. We recall that a cell is an area surrounding a base station (BS) site where communications between mobile stations (MSs) and their BS are of an acceptable quality . The cell dimensions are different for an isolated cell compared to a cell in a cluster where the cochannel interference effectively decreases cell size. Cells are arranged in clusters, with clusters tessellated. The bandwidth allocated by the regulatory body (the Radio Communications Agency in the UK) is reused in every cluster in order to increase the number of radio channels that can be accommodated on the network. The bandwidth assigned to the cell sites within a cluster is in practice complex. For simplicity we will assume the division to be equal, unless otherwise stated.
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11 Future systems: cellular access technology
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Cellular telephony has grown since its inception in the 1980s at a phenomenal rate, with market growth commonly exceeding analysts' predictions. The transition from analogue to the new digital systems has provided further impetus to growth, as has the trend towards smaller, cheaper, personal handsets (replacing earphones as the main product) as well as the increasing regulatory liberalisation of European telecommunications markets. In North America, personal communications services (PCS), based on a range of technologies, are being facilitated, and are seen to represent a major new market over the next few years. It is within such a context that Europe, and the world, are seeking to establish a route towards future so-called third-generation (3G) mobile systems, for introduction early in the 21st Century.
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12 GSM data, telematic and supplementary services
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Whilst communications traffic carried on the GSM cellular network is predominantly voice, provision is made to support a number of data, telematic and supplementary data related services. Only those services which are seen by most GSM network operators to be the most important are discussed here. Since the early 1980s data services have been available on the UK TACS (Total Access Communication System) analogue cellular network in which the number of conventional data users (excluding facsimile etc.) is estimated to be 1% to 2% of the total number of mobile subscribers. Some bold estimates put the projected figure for the GSM network at 5% for the same type of services. It is likely that standardisation will encourage the use of data on GSM whereas in the UK TACS network there was no standardisation agreed for 'data' between the network operators despite efforts to do so. One GSM supplementary service, in particular, is the Short Message Service (SMS). This is currently attracting considerable interest from potential users. For certain applications, the short message service is providing an attractive alternative to the more conventional circuit switched GSM data services.
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13 Future satellite mobile telephone networks
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This chapter identifies the particular technical problems and challenges which the successful satellite mobile service must address. Among these are the selection of an appropriate orbit and constellation, the trade-off among modulation and multiple access methods, and frequency reuse strategies to permit a cost-effective service without sacrificing bandwidth. This chapter also considers which of the planned systems has the greatest likelihood of implementation and commercial success.
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Back Matter
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