Modeling and Dynamic Behaviour of Hydropower Plants
2: Department of Physics Electronics, Power Systems and Applied Physics, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Hydropower is a mature and cost-competitive renewable energy source, contributing the bulk of global renewable electricity. Over the past decades, computer technology has led to significant possible improvements in monitoring, diagnostics, protection and control through retrofitting of large plants, and there is potential for additional large plants as well as for smaller installations. This book presents a systematic approach to mathematical modeling of different configurations of hydropower plants over four sections - modeling and simulation approaches; control of hydropower plants; operation and scheduling of hydropower plants, including pumped storage; and special features of small hydropower plants. The chapters address the fundamentals and the latest concepts, providing the most appropriate solutions for cost-effective and reliable operation, and include several real-world case studies of hydropower plants in operation. Modeling and Dynamic Behaviour of Hydropower Plants is essential reading for researchers involved with hydropower, as well as for advanced students in power engineering.
Inspec keywords: hydroelectric power stations; power generation control; power generation scheduling; pumped-storage power stations
Other keywords: small hydropower plants; hydropower plants control; pumped storage plants; hydropower plants scheduling
Subjects: Pumped storage stations and plants; Power system control; General electrical engineering topics; General and management topics; Conference proceedings; Tidal and flow energy; Control of electric power systems
- Book DOI: 10.1049/PBPO100E
- Chapter DOI: 10.1049/PBPO100E
- ISBN: 9781785611957
- e-ISBN: 9781785611964
- Page count: 296
- Format: PDF
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Front Matter
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Part I: Modeling and simulation of hydropower plants
1 Analysis and modeling of run-off-type hydropower plant
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A model run-off-type hydropower plant is developed in MATLAB/Simulink software workspace based on the measurement signals obtained from power plant. Time constants and friction constants are calculated from the given parameter or are assumed and then later all pre-assumed parameters were validated by inter- and extrapolation with measurement signals. The power plant model starts with identification of the mathematical governing differential equations of each part which are then converted to transfer function. The block diagrams were developed using the functional blocks in the Simulink library. Individual blocks are connected to form whole system which represents the model.
2 Time-domain modeling and a case study on regulation and operation of hydropower plants
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In this chapter, the main scope lies in the time-domain analysis of regulation and operation of HPPs. The primary goal is to briefly present the methods and procedures of the analysis. First, a numerical model in the software TOPSYS, developed for scientific studies and consultant analyses of the transient processes of HPPs, is briefly presented. Second, information of a practical engineering case, i.e., areal Chinese HPP with a surge tank and Francis turbines, is introduced. In the third place, a case study of various dynamic processes is conduced based on a real consultant project of the Chinese HPP; key requirements and main influencing factors of the diverse conditions of regulation and operation are analyzed.
3 Reduced order models for grid connected hydropower plants
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This chapter aims at modeling a hydropower plant connected to a power system. A practical engineering approach based on physical models (hydraulic, mechanical and electrical) is proposed. With necessarily a low order, these models are dedicated for generation control design and more particularly for power-frequency controller design.
4 Modeling and stability analysis of turbine governing system of hydropower plant
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This chapter describes the modeling and stability analysis of turbine governing system of hydropower plant without and with surge tank, respectively. Under the assumptions of isolated operation and rigid water hammer, the linearized complete mathematical model for the hydroturbine governing system of hydropower plant without and with surge tank, which is used for analyzing the transient process and dynamic performance of the turbine governing system under load disturbance, is established. The stability of turbine governing system without and with surge tank is analyzed, which includes the criterion of stability, stable domain and the effects of influencing factors on stability. Finally, according to the homogeneous differential equation of turbine governing system, the analytical formula of critical stable sectional area is deduced.
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Part II: Control of hydropower plants
5 Dynamic simulation issues for hydropower generation control
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In a context of an increasing part of the intermittent renewable sources of energy in the electrical power systems, the HPP have a major role to play in providing reserves because of their flexibility. Concerning the frequency control, the structure and parameter settings of turbine governing systems need to be adapted to the new requirements of the NCs; this can be possible with the help of recent developments in the digital control systems and numerical simulation techniques.
6 Methods of signal analysis for vibration control at hydropower plants
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Development of vibration condition monitoring system of hydraulic unit on the basis of wavelet transform allows efficient controlling of equipment in the operating mode and has several advantages over spectral analysis. The use of wavelet transform includes not only vibration analysis that aims to define in time interval moment of change in the state of equipment but also to predict the time for its development. This increases effectiveness of detecting defects at an early stage of development, which is very important in the case of hydroelectric power plant as such analysis provides more flexibility in avoidance of hydraulic units malfunctioning prevention.
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Part III: Operation, scheduling, etc. of hydropower plants (including pumped storage)
7 Island mode operation in hydropower plant
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Island operation of hydropower plant is fully discussed. Problems associated during island operation are also explained. Different measures to operate a hydropower plant in island operation are also mentioned.
8 Hydro generation scheduling: non-linear programming and optimality conditions
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A mathematical analysis based on hydroelectric plant characteristics, i.e. reservoir and tailrace geometry, is the central chapter's subject. Deterministic mid-short term scheduling planning could be solved to optimality if generation function is at least biconcave, i.e. a discontinuous reservoir and a uniform tailrace. Although the formulation is not proved to be unimodal, a B&B method based on concave envelope relaxation converges to global optimum. In a broader sense, increasing property is established for hydro-generation function. As the formulation is linearly constrained, i.e. only linear inequalities, special algorithms could exploit boundary of the feasible set (a polytope) to find a global optimum. Unimodularity property could also be studied in general case, i.e. arbitrary reservoir and tailrace height.
9 A PV hydro hybrid system using residual flow of Guarita Hydro Power Plant, in southern Brazil
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The current situation of depletion of energy resources and population growth makes feasible the use of the remaining potential in power plants already built and in operation. A recent research trend is the study of performance of photovoltaic- hydroelectric hybrid energy systems with PV modules installed on the reservoir surface. The hydroelectric power plant of Guarita was launched in 1953 and has an installed capacity of 1.86 MW, with 40 m height. This study assesses the feasibility of utilization of the residual flow of 370 l/s in a machinery house placed 12 m below the water level of the dam, operating in conjunction with PV modules installed over the surface of the water reservoir. The study was conducted based on simulations with well-known HOMER software, Legacy version. The hydroelectric potential will be deployed with low-cost alternatives such as the use of centrifugal pumps as turbines. The photovoltaic potential will be exploited with modules installed on floating structures. The optimization space obtained with HOMER indicates feasible solutions with the combination of 34.8 kW hydro and 30 kW PV. Lower costs of PV modules can make viable some solutions with 60 and 90 kW PV. This work also indicates useful conclusions in the design process and implementation of the hybrid system under study.
10 A PV wind hydro hybrid system with pumped storage capacity installed in Linha Sete, Aparados da Serra, southern Brazil
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The intermittency and variability of various renewable energy resources, such as wind power and photovoltaic solar energy, can overcome with the use of these resources in conjunction with energy storage devices. The energy storage as hydraulic power, so before energy conversion, can guarantee high efficiency to the storage process. This study aims to identify the technical and economic feasibility of using wind power and PV modules in conjunction with a reversible hydroelectric power plant installed in Aparados da Serra, in the south of the Serra Geral, a geological structure in southern Brazil that allows topographical height differences of approximately 600 m. In this work, specifically, a hydropower plant installed at Linha Sete with 610 kW and at 400 m height. This study explores the feasibility of this pumped storage plant operating in conjunction with existing wind turbines and PV modules installed on the surface of reservoirs. The work is based on simulations and optimization performed with well-known software HOMER. The results indicate that a group of 10-50 2-MW wind turbines may have an increased capacity factor from usual 0.34 to values between 0.50 and 0.60. The results also relate the power capacity and costs per kW installed for PV modules to be feasible. This work also indicates useful conclusions in the design process and implementation of the hybrid system under study.
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Part IV: Small hydropower plants
11 Modeling and simulation of a pico-hydropower off-grid network
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This chapter will cover the system arrangement, modeling and control of such a system, with implementation of simulated example and expansion of the concept to include solar PV and wind turbine sources.
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Back Matter
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