Communication, Control and Security Challenges for the Smart Grid
2: VT Advanced Research Institute, Arlington, Virginia, USA
The Smart Grid is a modern electricity grid allowing for distributed, renewable intermittent generation, partly owned by consumers. This requires advanced control and communication technologies in order to provide high quality power supply and secure generation, transmission and distribution. This book outlines these emerging technologies. Topics covered include an introduction to smart grid architecture; smart grid communications and standards; measurement and sensing devices for smart grids; smart transmission and wide area monitoring system; bad data detection in smart grids; optimal energy management in smart grids; communication and control for the smart grid; smart consumer systems; importance of energy storage systems in smart grids; control and optimization for integration of plug-in vehicles in smart grids; multi-agent based control of smart grids; compressive sensing for smart grid security and reliability; optimum placement of FACTS devices in smart grids; security analysis of smart grid; and smart grid security policies and regulations. With contributions from prominent researchers in the fields of computer, communication, and power engineering this book is essential reading for researchers in power grids, as well as for advanced students and practitioners.
Inspec keywords: energy management systems; power system measurement; smart power grids; multi-agent systems; compressed sensing; power system security; power system control; flexible AC transmission systems
Other keywords: optimal energy management; smart grid security policies; smart grid communications; FACTS devices; smart transmission system; high quality power supply; plug-in vehicles; smart grid control; modern electricity grid; sensing devices; compressive sensing; energy storage systems; multiagent based control; wide area monitoring system; bad data detection; smart consumer systems
Subjects: General electrical engineering topics; Power system control; Power system measurement and metering; Power system protection; Power system management, operation and economics
- Book DOI: 10.1049/PBPO095E
- Chapter DOI: 10.1049/PBPO095E
- ISBN: 9781785611421
- e-ISBN: 9781785611438
- Page count: 570
- Format: PDF
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Front Matter
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1 Introduction and motivation
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The energy consumption rate is increasing rapidly at national and international levels, therefore, the energy sustainability, reliability, and carbon footprint are becoming key issues to be addressed in the twenty-first century. The power system is to be re-architected and the changes will require a paradigm shift in the electricity delivery system. The smart grid is the term applied to tomorrow's electricity system. This chapter presents an overview of the smart grid with its general features, functionalities, and characteristics along with its present status and future trend.
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2 Smart grid architecture - key elements and definitions
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Future, intelligent energy systems will have to face the challenge of integrating a large number of active components into existing energy management and operation schemes. For the successful integration of these components into the electric energy system, along with the new functions, market roles and technologies, information and communication technology (ICT) is a key enabler. In parallel to the technical changes, competition will increase significantly and there will be a need for greater direct intervention in the market in order to guarantee security of supply in a system that is operated closer to its stability boundaries. New sales and business models that rely on digitization and the increased use of ICT will create incentives for consumers to modify their energy usage patterns in order to become active participants in the grid operations. The security and commercial viability of such an energy system are vital for industrialized countries on the way to achieving a sustainable energy supply. ICT and the corresponding communication standards contribute to overcoming challenges of integration and interoperability within these highly decentralized structures. The use of ICT is crucial for improving the integration of the distributed energy resources (DERs) and help match generation to supply and achieve a higher level of customer benefit. This chapter provides an overview on how ICT and communication technology will provide meaningful inputs in terms of technological sets to drive this smart-grid transition process.
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3 Smart-grid communications and standards
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A reliable and efficient communication and networking infrastructure will connect the functional elements within the smart grid. Different physical data communication technologies for the smart grid will empower the legacy power grid with the capability to support two-way energy and information flow. The smart grid will rely on several existing and future wired and wireless communication technologies (e.g., power line communication, cellular network, internet protocol networks, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, etc.). Also, advanced techniques for accessing the network and routing the information to the different nodes of the network will be required. In this chapter, we discuss smart-grid communication network and divide it into three tiers, i.e., home area network, neighborhood area network, and wide-area network. We present smart-grid communication technologies, standards, and protocols for the physical layer operations. We next discuss the medium access control (MAC) and network layer protocols of the smart-grid communication technologies. In the end, we present a case study for the implementation and performance evaluation of various smart-grid algorithms and communication infrastructure.
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4 Measurement and sensing devices for the smart grid
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This chapter discusses the measurement and sensing devices used in smart grids. The fundamentals, the background of sensors, and the basic definitions of sensing technologies are presented where the architecture and sensor elements have been debated. A sensing mechanism with the sensing element modes and the measurements error is concisely defined. Furthermore, the classifications of sensors and measurement devices used in smart grids are summarized starting from the classic devices and ending with the most advanced ones. The basic measurements, smart meters, and miscellaneous are presented with illustrations. The use of these devices in the different smart grid sections-generation, transmission, distribution, and end consumer or customer-is succinctly illustrated.
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5 Smart transmission and wide-area monitoring system
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Global positioning system (GPS) time-synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs) were introduced in the 1980s and have been gradually deployed throughout the electric power system. At present, almost all the major countries in the world have ambitious PMU deployment plans. The applications of a PMU-based wide-area monitoring system (WAMS) in electric transmission grid management have attracted continuous interest as a result. In this chapter, after a brief introduction of its principles and development history, the architecture of WAMS is introduced and its many applications in smart transmission are summarized. Furthermore, FNET/GridEye, which is a pioneering WAMS system, is also introduced in this chapter as an example of WAMS.
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6 Bad data detection in the smart grid
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This chapter will discuss bad data detection techniques and their application in oscillation monitoring. Utilization of synchrophasor measurements for wide-area monitoring applications enables system operators to acquire real-time grid information. However, intentional injections of false synchrophasor measurements can potentially lead to inappropriate control actions, jeopardizing the security, and reliability of power transmission networks. An attacker can compromise the integrity of the monitoring algorithms by hijacking a subset of sensor measurements and sending manipulated readings. Such an approach can result to wide-area blackouts in power grids. This chapter considers bad data detection techniques with special focus on oscillation monitoring. To achieve an accurate supervision, a Bayesian inference technique has been discussed for each monitoring node using a distributed architecture.
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7 Optimal energy management in the smart grid
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In this chapter, the problem of energy management in smart grids is outlined. Optimized energy management is considered here as the operation of energy and power flow control in the aim of attaining minimum cost or minimum power losses while meeting technical constraints. Of course, according to the type of energy system in which such operation is carried out, the meaningful variables and objectives in the problem may largely change. As the extension of the system increases, the influence of the physical behaviour of the electrical power lines takes a more important role. Power electronics takes instead an increasing influence, as the dimension of the power system decreases although Kirchhoff's laws must always be verified. Energy management is also an interesting issue in multi-carrier energy hubs that implement a recent tendency in energy systems interfacing smart grids. They include different energy resources that need to be managed differently, but in an integrated fashion. This chapter offers an overview of energy management in a small system using a two-level centralized approach.
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8 Smart distribution system
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The main idea in smart-grid concept is the integration of active communication in the power system. Traditionally, the communication in the power system is more toward the one-way approach. All the instructions of operations are given by the utility and will be operated by the controller at the load side, either by using supervisory control and data acquisition or by other simple means of communication. However, in a smart-grid topology, the load should be able to give the information to the utility or even be able to make decisions based on the feedback provided by the end user. In this chapter, the discussion on the concept of communication integration in balancing the system frequency is discussed. The load demand will adjust the power consumption by changing their operation mode, depending on their frequency condition. The technology in telecommunications has advanced tremendously within the recent decades; we do not have to reinvent the wheel. The same technology, such as the network protocols and standards, can be implemented to the existing power system to add the smart element with the aim to make the system more efficient and robust. Furthermore, the whole world is moving toward connectivity and ubiquity; the best way forward is to embrace this change and synergize the power system components with the telecommunications components to create a smarter and efficient power control system.
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9 Smart consumer system
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Smart-grid technology will have a big impact on the way we generate, transport and consume electrical energy. Consumers will be the one who will be benefited most from the smart-grid technology. This chapter will discuss about the types of consumers, their role, their responsibilities and their awareness about smart-grid technology, relationship between the energy provider and consumer, and related issues. Also, this chapter presents a few case studies and their results. Consumers are grouped into three categories, namely industrial, commercial and residential. The demand-side management, the benefits of demand-side management in smart-grid technology and technological requirements to implement it are presented in detail. The consumer behaviour, their level of awareness about smart-grid technology, how to enhance the awareness and the man power training needs are discussed. The various government policies across the world and changes needed for the success of smart-grid technology are presented. Few case studies about the challenges faced and success of smart-grid technology will be useful for the further expansion of smart-grid technology.
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10 Importance of energy storage system in the smart grid
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Recent advances in energy storage and power electronics technologies are offering promising solutions to improve the grid resilience and allow higher renewable energy penetration. Energy storage systems (ESSs) act as energy buffers to aid the operations and lifetime of the grid assets and bridge the gap between supply and demand for renewable energy generation. Currently, there are more than 650 active ESS projects around the globe with a total capacity of 3.83 GW, representing a significant market potential for companies. To that end, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview and classification of ESSs, underlying technologies and working principles, current and future applications, and economic analysis.
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11 Control and optimisation for integration of plug-in vehicles in smart grid
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The plug-in vehicles are one of the new participants in power systems. Mass roll-out of plug-in vehicles, on one hand, will significantly challenge the existing power system scheduling strategies and infrastructures. On the other hand, it will also create many opportunities for power-system operators or users. The aggregated energy capacity of a large number of plug-in vehicles can provide ancillary services to improve power system reliability and power quality, in addition to the environmental benefits in reducing emissions from the transportation sector. Advanced control and optimisation methods have been utilised to integrate plug-in vehicles with smart grid by providing optimal charging and discharging profiles. In this chapter, the key features of plug-in vehicles and their impacts on the grid are firstly detailed, followed by the review of state-of-the-art optimisation and control techniques which have been used in the plug-in vehicles scheduling. Then, a case study of unit commitment integrating plug-in vehicles is presented and numerical results are illustrated.
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12 Multi-agent based control of smart grid
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Controlling the power system has become challenging task with increasing power demands with limited resources. Therefore, energy utilities are looking advanced techniques for controlling their grid. In this context, multi-agent systems (MASs) are popular due to their inherent benefits. In the first section of this chapter, the functionality of MAS is presented with inherent advantages. Then, the applications of MAS are discussed in four aspects of power systems including power-system restoration, electricity trading, optimization, and smart-grid control. At the end two case studies, MAS in a microgrid and application of MAS in smart-grid transmission/generation have presented.
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13 Compressive sensing for smart-grid security and reliability
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This chapter aims to introduce the applications of a newly born theorem in signal processing and system identification, widely known as compressive sensing-sparse recovery (CS-SR), in smart power grid monitoring, security, and reliability. We will discuss how the sparse nature of the electrical power networks can be exploited to mathematical model and reformulate some of the most famous monitoring and security problems in power engineering as compressive system identification (CSI) problems. First, a short background on CS-SR theorems and techniques is presented. Next, the state-of-the-art in CS-SR applications in smart grid technology will be discussed, and finally, three distinctive monitoring problems are specifically addressed in detail, within comprehensive mathematical descriptions, and their specific features are explored through variety of case studies.
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14 Stability enhancement issues of power grid
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This chapter gives an overview about the basic principle and operation of various shunt, series and series-shunt types of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) controllers. The steady-state power transfer capability can be improved significantly in the power system with various FACTS controllers, and it is the main focus of this chapter. This can be achieved only by optimal placement of FACTS controllers in the network, otherwise they have negative impact on the system. To demonstrate the concept of power-transfer capability enhancement concept under steady-state operating condition, static VAr compensator (SVC) and thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) have been considered. The simulation results were carried out for IEEE 30-bus and the New England 68-bus test systems to check the effectiveness of the algorithm.
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15 Security analysis of smart grid
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Legacy power grids were typically designed with reliability as the main goal. With the transition to the smart grid, security concerns have begun to arise; due to the computational and communication capabilities of the integrated elements, smart grid technologies are becoming vulnerable to cyber-attacks. This chapter aims to enumerate existing threat vectors in the various layers of smart-grid architecture and provide insights of how security techniques should be implemented in order to ensure smart grid resiliency.
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16 Smart grid security policies and regulations
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Smart grid is a concept and also a way to mitigate the deficiencies in infrastructure and to counteract the effects of the growing demand for electricity. One of the ways to increase management efficiency in power network is to use the latest communication solutions, in which digital communication technologies and information and communication technologies are applied. These solutions provide reduced energy consumption, daily load leveling, and reduce losses. Also by automatically balancing energy, they allow for improving the efficiency of its transmission. Such solutions can directly manifest in increase in the efficiency of the entire power system.
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Back Matter
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