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Interferometer Signal Processing

Interferometer Signal Processing

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Angle-of-Arrival Estimation Using Radar Interferometry: Methods and Applications — Recommend this title to your library

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In this chapter, the fundamental signal processing required to implement an interferometer is introduced. The processing required for an interferometer is similar to the processing required for radars in general with the exception that angle estimation is implemented using phase comparison. Because phase is defined only over an interval [0 2p], the phase can wrap over many 2p intervals, creating an ambiguity in the phase measurement. For the interferometer, that relative phase ambiguity between two antennas must be resolved in order to estimate angle-of-arrival. In this chapter, we discuss methods to resolve interferometer phase ambiguities. In particular, all receive interferometer antennas or arrays must be calibrated to ensure that relative phase is consistent across the radar field of regard. The orthogonal interferometer has unique processing requirements due to its implementation of pseudoorthogonal waveforms. Calibration of an orthogonal interferometer requires that all antennas be calibrated for transmit as well as receive. The derivation of angle-ofarrival from relative phase measurements is presented for various far-field conditions. The first-order derivation assumes that the constant phase contours that emanate from a target are essentially linear across the interferometer distributed antennas. This linear far-field condition is satisfied when the target is sufficiently far in range from the interferometer but depends on the interferometer baseline and radar operating frequency. Second-order derivations are also presented for quadratic phase behavior across the interferometer antenna.

Chapter Contents:

  • 7.1 Basic Interferometer Processing
  • 7.2 Orthogonal Interferometer Processing
  • 7.3 Angle Ambiguity Resolution
  • 7.3.1 Nyquist Sampling for a Spatial Array
  • 7.3.2 Number of Angle Ambiguities
  • 7.3.3 Angle Ambiguity Resolution Using Frequency and Spatial Diversity
  • 7.3.4 Probability of Correct Ambiguity Resolution
  • 7.3.5 Angle Ambiguity Resolution Using Doppler
  • 7.4 Angle-of-Arrival Determination
  • 7.4.1 First-Order Angle Estimation
  • 7.4.2 Second-Order Angle Estimation
  • 7.4.3 Interferometer Angle Measurements for Distributed Transmit/Receive Antennas
  • 7.5 LFM Stretch Processing
  • 7.5.1 Angle-of-Arrival and Stretch Processing
  • 7.5.2 CW/FMCW Homodyne Processing
  • 7.6 Transmit Interferometry Calibration
  • 7.7 Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry
  • 7.7.1 Reference Phase Determination
  • 7.7.2 Phase Unwrapping
  • 7.8 Near-Geostationary Interferometry Tracking
  • 7.9 Adaptive Array Processing
  • 7.9.1 The Multiple Sidelobe Canceller
  • 7.9.2 The Generalized Sidelobe Canceller (GSC)
  • 7.9.3 The Orthogonal Space Projection Canceler
  • References

Inspec keywords: calibration; direction-of-arrival estimation; radar interferometry; antenna arrays; radar signal processing; phase measurement

Other keywords: interferometer arrays; interferometer baseline; calibration; radar interferometer signal processing; interferometer antennas; pseudo-orthogonal waveforms; orthogonal interferometer; angle estimation; interferometer distributed antennas; angle-of-arrival estimation; first-order derivation; radar operating frequency; phase measurement; quadratic phase behavior; second-order derivations; linear far-field condition; relative phase ambiguity; phase contours

Subjects: Signal processing and detection; Phase and gain measurement; Radar equipment, systems and applications; Antenna arrays; Measurement standards and calibration

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