Radar studies of the atmosphere
From initially being a nuisance, the scattering of radar signals from the atmosphere has been turned into a useful, and expanding, research technique for the study of atmospheric physics and meteorology. Scattering occurs from discrete sources (rain, birds, etc.) and also from changes in the refractive index of the air, mainly caused by turbulence. Weather radars, investigating lower-atmosphere cloud physics and precipitation, operate at frequencies in S-band and above, but new VHF phased array radars have emerged as a tool for probing the atmosphere from 1 to 100 km altitude.
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