Oscillators using quartz crystal resonators are the epitome of phase noise and stability performance. Marvelously high loaded Q oscillators of small size and low cost are easily designed and built using the quartz crystal. Crystal oscillators were invented in the 1920s[1]. By the 1930s, several designs had been published and patented. Crystal resonator and oscillator development was intense during and after World War 1I. During the 1950s, the art encompassed harmonic operation at VHF frequencies. Today, crystals are a common component of nearly all consumer, commercial, and defense systems.

Chapter Contents:

• 11.1 Pierce Crystal Oscillators
• 11.1.1 Loaded Q
• 11.1.2 Element Values
• 11.1.3 Dissipation
• 11.2 Colpitts Crystal Oscillator
• 11.2.1 Limitations
• 11.2.2 Element Values
• 11.2.3 Comments
• 11.3 High-Performance Crystal Oscillator
• 11.3.1 Performance
• 11.3.2 Low-Frequency Overtone Crystals
• 11.3.3 Example
• 11.3.4 Element Values
• 11.3.5 Frequency Pulling
• 11.3.6 Phase Noise
• 11.3.7 AM-to-PM Conversion
• 11.4 Butler Overtone Crystal Oscillator
• 11.4.1 Pulling
• 11.4.2 Circuit Tips
• 11.5 Butler Oscillator- Multiplier
• 11.5.1 Example
• 11.5.2 Modulation
• 11.6 References

Inspec keywords: crystal oscillators; VHF oscillators; phase noise

Other keywords: consumer system; stability performance; defense system; VHF frequency; high loaded Q oscillator; quartz crystal resonator; commercial system; phase noise; quartz crystal oscillator; harmonic operation

Subjects: Piezoelectric devices; Oscillators