In this chapter, concerns with the ranges below and above UV, characterized by ionization-that is, the frequency is sufficiently high to ionize molecules based on Planck's equation. The frequencies are so high (above 750 THz) that many forms of radiation can penetrate through materials, and therefore the methods of sensing must rely on different principles than at lower frequencies. On the other hand, below the IR region the electromagnetic radiation can be generated and detected by simple antennas. Thus we will also discuss the idea of an antenna and its use as a sensor and an actuator.

Chapter Contents:

• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Units of Radiation
• 9.3 Radiation Sensors
• 9.3.1 Ionization Sensors (Detectors)
• 9.3.1.1 Ionization Chambers
• 9.3.1.2 Proportional Chamber
• 9.3.1.3 Geiger-Muller Counters
• 9.3.2 Scintillation Sensors
• 9.3.3 Semiconductor Radiation Detectors
• 9.3.3.1 Bulk Semiconductor Radiation Sensor
• 9.3.3.2 Semiconducting Junction Radiation Sensors
• 9.4 Microwave Radiation
• 9.4.1 Microwave Sensors
• 9.4.1.1 Radar
• 9.4.1.2 Reflection and Transmission Sensors
• 9.4.1.3 Resonant Microwave Sensors
• 9.4.1.4 Propagation Effects and Sensing
• 9.5 Antennas as Sensors and Actuators
• 9.5.1 General Relations
• 9.5.2 Antennas as Sensing Elements
• 9.5.3 Antennas as Actuators
• 9.6 Problems

Inspec keywords: actuators; radiation detection; electromagnetic waves

Other keywords: radiation sensors; actuators; IR region; Planck equation; antennas; ionization; electromagnetic radiation

Subjects: Particle and radiation detection and measurement; Radiation detectors; Radiation measurement, detection and counting; Electromagnetic waves: theory