Achieving low carbon mobility gains requires major policy, behavioural and technological changes. The relevant policy directions available to policy makers can be grouped into four broad categories: those that allow travel to be `avoided'; those that `shift' travel to more efficient modes; those that promote `sharing' of vehicles and rides; and those that `improve' the efficiency of vehicles and infrastructure. This chapter examines these strategic pathways and presents policy instruments that can help decarbonise transport while also addressing urban mobility challenges such as congestion and poor air quality. The chapter relies on best evidence from the literature and presents a broad range of measures that could be used to influence behaviour.

Chapter Contents:

• Abstract
• Keywords
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Urban transport system energy efficiency
• 3.3 Policy instruments
• 3.4 The 'avoid, shift, share and improve' framework
• 3.4.1 Avoid
• 3.4.2 Shift
• 3.4.3 Share
• 3.4.4 Improve
• 3.5 Ten key principles from the 'avoid, shift, share, improve' framework
• 3.6 The benefits
• 3.7 City contexts and urban needs
• 3.7.1 Developing cities
• 3.7.2 Sprawling cities
• 3.7.3 Congested cities
• 3.7.4 Multi-modal cities
• 3.8 Matching policies to city needs
• 3.8.1 Developing cities
• 3.8.2 Sprawling cities
• 3.8.3 Congested cities
• 3.8.4 Multi-modal cities
• 3.9 Can policy measures be combined to increase impact?
• 3.10 Stakeholder consultations
• 3.11 Case studies
• 3.11.1 Congestion charging in London, Stockholm, Gothenburg, Singapore and Milan
• 3.11.2 Bus rapid transit in Guangzhou, Ahmedabad and Lagos
• 3.11.3 Bike share system: Paris
• 3.11.4 Car-Free urban centres: Plans for Oslo, Milan, Dublin, Paris, Madrid and Brussels
• 3.11.4.1 Oslo
• 3.11.4.2 Milan
• 3.11.4.3 Dublin
• 3.11.4.4 Paris
• 3.11.4.5 Madrid
• 3.12 Policy pathways
• 3.12.1 Plan
• 3.12.2 Implement
• 3.12.3 Monitor
• 3.12.4 Evaluate
• 3.13 Conclusions
• References
• Glossary
• Glossary
• Further Reading
• Further Reading

Inspec keywords: government policies; transportation

Other keywords: behavioural changes; policy principles; infrastructure efficiency; vehicles efficiency; low carbon mobility; technological changes; urban mobility challenges; policy makers; transport decarbonisation; relevant policy directions; policy instruments

Subjects: General transportation (energy utilisation); Energy and environmental policy, economics and legislation; Transportation