Adjoint sensitivity analysis
Adjoint sensitivity analysis offers an efficient approach for sensitivity estimation. Using at most one extra simulation of an adjoint system (or circuit), the first-order sensitivities of the desired response (or objective function) are evaluated with respect to all parameters regardless of their number. This approach applies to both frequency-domain and time-domain responses. It was shown to be applicable to higher-order sensitivities as well. The cost of estimating these higher-order sensitivities using adjoint approaches is also less than that of the corresponding finite difference approach.
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