Protection and control systems design

Keith Harker

This chapter will summarise the fundamentals of protection and control systems design and consider the practical application with reference to the requirements of power network construction.Protection systems automatically detect and remove faults from the power system. Equally important are control systems which provide operational information and enable the manual and automatic operation and reconfiguration of the power system.

Chapter Contents:

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Protection types and operating characteristics
10.2.1 Protection types — introduction
10.2.1.1 Protection terminology
10.2.1.2 Protection purpose and objectives
10.2.1.3 Protection system fundamentals
10.2.1.4 Protection relay historical development
10.3 Overcurrent and earth-fault protection
10.3.1 Overcurrent and earth-fault protection circuitry
10.3.2 IDMTL overcurrent and earth-fault relay — operating characteristics
10.3.3 IDMTL relay — settings and grading
10.3.4 IDMT relay — natural grading
10.3.5 Instantaneous overcurrent relay
10.4 Directional overcurrent protection
10.4.1 Directional relays — fundamentals
10.4.2 Directional overcurrent relay
10.4.3 Directional earth-fault relay
10.5 High-impedance circulating current protection
10.5.1 High-impedance circulating current — background
10.5.2 Circulating current protection — principles
10.5.3 High-impedance circulating current — stability voltage
10.5.4 High-impedance circulating current — primary operating current
10.5.5 High-impedance circulating current — applications
10.6 Transformer protection
10.6.1 Two winding transformer — biased differential protection
10.6.2 Restricted earth-fault protection
10.6.3 Autotransformer overall differential protection
10.6.4 Two-stage overcurrent protection
10.6.5 Two-stage standby-earth-fault (SBEF) relay
10.6.6 Transformer HV high-set overcurrent (HSOC)
10.6.7 Buchholz and winding temperature protection
10.7 Feeder-unit protection
10.7.1 Feeder-unit protection — principles
10.7.1.1 Pilot-wire protection
10.8 Power line carrier protection
10.8.1 Power line carrier protection — background
10.8.2 Power line carrier protection — equipment and performance
10.9 Numeric feeder-unit protection
10.9.1 Numeric feeder-unit protection — considerations
10.9.1.1 Continuous measurement
10.9.1.2 GPS synchronised time
10.9.2 Relay characteristics
10.9.3 Settings considerations
10.10 Distance protection
10.10.1 Distance protection — introduction
10.10.1.1 Distance protection — comparators
10.10.1.2 Plain distance protection application
10.10.1.3 Impedance measurement
10.10.1.4 Relay polarisation
10.10.1.5 Minimum line length
10.10.1.6 Zone 3 setting limits
10.10.1.7 Blocked distance protection
10.10.1.8 Three-ended circuits
10.10.1.9 Transformer feeders
10.10.1.10 Composite feeders
10.11 Busbar protection
10.11.1 Busbar protection — overview
10.11.1.1 Distribution network busbar protection
10.11.1.2 High-impedance busbar protection
10.11.1.3 Numeric busbar protection
10.12 Circuit breaker fail protection
10.12.1 Circuit breaker fail — requirements
10.12.2 Circuit breaker fail protection — numeric relays
10.13 Protection, control and telecomms — communication channels
10.13.1 Communication channel requirements
10.13.2 Communication channel mediums
10.13.3 Communications equipment — requirements
10.14 Inter-tripping
10.14.1 Inter-tripping — application
10.14.2 Unstabilisation, fault throwers and neutral voltage displacement protection
10.15 Protection application
10.15.1 Protection application considerations
10.15.2 Protection application — feeders
10.15.3 Protection application — transformers
10.15.4 Protection application — complex circuits
10.16 Protection and control settings
10.16.1 Protection and control settings policy
10.16.1.1 Settings policy — power system level
10.16.1.2 Settings policy — relay-specific level
10.17 Control systems
10.17.1 Control systems — introduction
10.18 Voltage control
10.18.1 Voltage control — introduction
10.18.1.1 ATCC performance characteristics
10.18.1.2 ATCC types
10.18.1.3 Voltage control strategy
10.18.1.4 Automatic reactive switching (ARS) scheme
10.19 Synchronising
10.19.1 Synchronising relay — purpose
10.19.2 Voltage selection scheme
10.20 Auto-switching
10.20.1 Auto-switching — introduction
10.20.1.1 Auto-reclose application
10.20.1.2 Single-shot auto-reclose
10.20.1.3 High-speed auto-reclose
10.20.1.4 Delayed auto-reclose
10.20.1.5 Mesh substation auto-switching
10.20.1.6 Trip relay reset and persistent inter-tripping signal
10.21 Operational tripping
10.21.1 Operational tripping — requirements
10.22 SCADA system
10.22.1 SCADA system — overview
10.22.2 SCADA system — design
10.22.3 SCS design requirements
10.23 Protection and control accommodation
10.23.1 Relay panel requirements
10.23.2 Cubicle design and practical considerations
10.24 Protection and control asset replacement
10.24.1 Asset replacement considerations
10.25 Batteries and DC supplies
10.25.1 Battery systems
10.25.1.1 The lead—acid Plante battery
10.25.1.2 The recombination cell
10.25.1.3 DC supply arrangements
10.25.1.4 Relay and trip coil voltage limits
10.25.1.5 Battery sizing

Inspec keywords: fault diagnosis; power system faults; power system protection; power system control

Other keywords: power network construction; control system design; fault removal; automatic operation; protection system design; power system reconfiguration; fault detection

Subjects: Power system control; Power system protection

Book DOI: 10.1049/PBPO110E
Chapter DOI: 10.1049/PBPO110E_ch10
ISBN: 9781785614231
e-ISBN: 9781785614248

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