In this line, this chapter aims to provide an analysis of distributed microstorage energy systems at the residential level to contribute to smart grid goals. The chapter is organized in five sections as follows: first an overview of micro-storage technologies, including the state of the art, is presented. It will also be shown the advantages when using different ESS unified in a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), achieving best parameters for specific applications than the ESS operating individually. The second section is devoted to the suitable topologies for the bi-directional electronic converter responsible for the flux between the micro-storage energy system located at home and the grid by means of the smart community energy management system (SCEMS). Afterwards, in the third section control strategies for the ESMS of the microstorage device are proposed, following different compensation objectives from the set-points provided by the SCEMS. Furthermore, these strategies will ensure at all times safety and will improve the efficiency and lifetime of the ESS. In the fourth section, the attention is paid to the power interfaces for the integration of ESS into the grid to adapt the requirements of distributed microstorage system in a smart community with high penetration of photovoltaic systems.

Chapter Contents:

• 9.1 Overview of micro-storage technologies
• 9.1.1 Conventional batteries
• 9.1.1.1 Lead-acid batteries
• 9.1.1.2 Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
• 9.1.1.3 Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) batteries
• 9.1.1.4 Sodium-sulphur (NaS) and sodium-nickel chloride (ZEBRA) batteries
• 9.1.1.5 Metal-air batteries
• 9.1.2 Flow batteries
• 9.1.2.1 Vanadium redox flow battery
• 9.1.2.2 Zinc-bromine (ZnBr) flow battery
• 9.1.3 Supercapacitors
• 9.1.4 Superconducting magnetic energy storage
• 9.1.5 Flywheels
• 9.1.6 Comparison of characteristics of micro-storage system technologies
• 9.2 Topologies for the bi-directional electronic converter
• 9.2.1 Standard topologies
• 9.2.1.1 Single stage
• 9.2.1.2 Double stage
• 9.2.2 Multi-level topologies
• 9.2.3 Multi-port topologies
• 9.3 Control strategies for the ESMS of the storage device
• 9.3.1 Active power control strategies
• 9.3.2 Reactive power control strategies
• 9.3.3 Power quality and imbalance reduction control strategies
• 9.4 Power interfaces
• 9.4.1 Analysis of typical solution
• 9.4.2 An improved solution based on cooperative converters
• 9.5 Conclusions
• References

Inspec keywords: energy storage; photovoltaic power systems; energy management systems; power system control; smart power grids

Other keywords: SCEMS; photovoltaic generation; power interfaces; hybrid energy storage system; HESS; ESMS control strategy; smart grid; smart community energy management system; smart communities; residential level; microstorage device; bi-directional electronic converter; distributed microstorage systems

Subjects: Power system management, operation and economics; Electrochemical conversion and storage; Control of electric power systems; Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systems; Power system control