Smart Grid and energy storage systems
Historically, electrical energy storage (EES) systems have played three important roles [1]: (i) they reduce electricity costs by storing electricity obtained during offpeak load at which the electricity price is low, to be used during peak load times instead of buying electricity whose prices then are high; (ii) they are used to improve the reliability of the power supply, whereby EES systems support users when, for example, an electrical network is subjected to disruption due to natural disasters; and (iii) they maintain and improve power quality, frequency, and voltage.
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